Grounding system/es

Un sistema de puesta a tierra crea una conexión de baja resistencia entre el equipo del sistema y / o un conductor del sistema (llamado un conductor puesto a tierra o conductor neutro) a la tierra mediante el uso de un electrodo de de puesta a tierra. Un sistema de puesta a tierra no es necesario para que funcione un sistema eléctrico, los sistemas de distribución eléctrica en algunos países carecen de cualquier tipo de puesta a tierra y otros tienen complejos sistemas de puesta a tierra con dispositivos de medición adicionales para proteger a los usuarios. Es común que pequeños sistemas FV autónomos carezcan de un sistema de puesta a tierra, ya que aumenta significativamente los costos y el tiempo de instalación y es posible que no produzca beneficios significativos. A medida que aumenta el tamaño de un sismta, el voltaje y el costo del sistema, aumentan los beneficios de un sistema de puesta a tierra. El código eléctrico de cada país contiene información sobre los requisitos y el equipo adecuado para el lugar.

Además, es necesario consultar el manual para cualquier controlador de carga o inversor antes de decidirse por un esquema de puesta a tierra, ya que pueden tener diferentes requisitos de puesta a tierra. Hay algunos casos que vale la pena resaltar aquí:

• Hay algunos inversores pequeños - onda sinusoidal modificada y onda cuadrada - que se destruirán si se conectan en un sistema que tiene una puesta a tierra de sistea CA y una puesta a tierra CC, ya que no aíslan correctamente su entrada de CC de la salida de CA.
• Hay algunos controladores de carga que están diseñados para aplicaciones específicas, como instalaciones de telecomunicaciones remotas, que tienen una conexión a tierra positiva.

Terminología de puesta a tierra

Diagrama de cableado de un sistema FV autónomo con un controlador de carga con control de iluminación de CC y un inversor para cargas de CA. El sistema está diseñado con una configuración de puesta a tierra TN-S.

La mayoría de los equipos para sistemas autónomos se pueden utilizar en una variedad de configuraciones de puesta a tierra diferentes; no existe una configuración universal. El enfoque aquí estará en una configuración de puesta a tierra TN-S, que se usa comúnmente para instalaciones FV autónomos. Esta configuración tiene una puesta a tierra de sistema CA con un conductor puesta a tierra (neutro). Hay un conductor puesto a tierra de equipos separada para cada circuito para conectar todas las partes metálicas del sistema que no transportan corriente (gabinetes, cajas de conexiones, componentes principales del sistema, etc). Una configuración de puesta a tierra TN-S tiene dos funciones principales que trabajan juntas:

• Puesta a tierra del sistema: la conexión a tierra del sistema se crea conectando un conductor de corriente de un sistema eléctrico a tierra. Una conexión a tierra adecuada del sistema proporciona un medio para disipar el exceso de electricidad estática creada por la fricción o los rayos. Esto ayuda a garantizar un voltaje estable y protege el equipo del sistema contra daños.
• Puesta a tierra del equipo: la conexión a tierra del equipo se crea conectando a tierra todos los componentes metálicos que no transportan corriente de un sistema. Esto crea una ruta para que cualquier corriente creada por una falla, debido a una falla del aislamiento o una conexión suelta, regrese a través de la conexión a tierra del equipo o la tierra al conductor conectado a tierra.

A proper grounding system requires various different components that are connected together in order for the system to work effectively and safely.

Component	Function
(1) Grounding electrode	The connection point between the earth and the electrical system. It is important that a grounding electrode have sufficient surface area in contact with the earth in order to establish a good connection. There are many different types of grounding electrodes - copper rods, steel rods, copper plates, the metallic pipes of a building, or a proper connection to the rebar used in the foundation of a building. The appropriate grounding electrode will vary based upon the electrical code, building and soil type.
(2) Grounding electrode conductor (GEC)	The connection that runs from the grounding electrode to the location of the rest of the electrical equipment - typically a wire that runs from the grounding electrode to a grounding busbar in the main distribution panel.
(3) Equipment grounding conductor (EGC)	The connection that runs from the grounding busbar in the main service panel to all of the non-current carrying metallic components of a system (conduit, inverter housing, charge controller housing, enclosures, etc.).
(4) DC system ground	The connection between a DC current carrying conductor in an electrical system and the grounding electrode conductor - commonly made through a ground fault protection device.
(5) AC system ground	The connection between an AC current carrying conductor in an electrical system and the grounding electrode conductor - typically made immediately after the inverter output at a busbar used for the inverter output circuit or in the main distribution panel. The connection is made from the main grounding busbar to the busbar of the grounded conductor. There are some inverters that come with a pre-established internal system ground, for example any that come with an integrated ground fault protection device (GFPD). A second system ground should not be created.

There are several terms that are used when discussing off-grid PV systems and grounding that are important to understand:

Term	Definition
Non-current carrying conductor	A conductor that is not intended to regularly carry current as a part of the normal functioning of an electrical system. All grounding conductors fit into this category.
Current carrying conductor	A conductor that is intended to regularly carry current as part of the normal functioning of an electrical system. All circuits related to the power generation, energy storage, and distribution to loads fit into this category.
Grounded system	A system that has an AC or DC system ground. The system may be a DC grounded system, an AC grounded system, or an AC/DC grounded system. There is at least one grounded current carrying conductor in the system.
Ungrounded system	A system that does not have any system ground. There is no grounded current carrying conductor in the system.
Grounded conductor	A current carrying conductor that has a connection established to ground by an AC or DC system ground.
Ungrounded conductor	A current carrying conductor that does not have a connection established to ground by an AC or DC system ground.

Ground faults

Wiring diagram of a stand-alone PV system with a charge controller with DC lighting control and an inverter for AC loads. This system is experiencing an AC ground fault.

A ground fault occurs when a current carrying conductor of an electrical system has an insulation failure or comes loose from a connection and makes contact with something that has a connection to ground. Ground faults can be very dangerous because they can lead to electrocutions and fires, therefore it is important to identify them as quickly as possible and disable them. When there is a ground fault, current escapes the wires of a circuit and seeks other paths to be able to complete the circuit. A person who grabs something that has been energized by a fault to ground can become a path to complete the circuit and be electrocuted. In a properly grounded system, the most common ground fault scenario is a ground fault between an ungrounded current-carrying conductor (black wire) and a grounded piece of equipment. A ground fault can occur with a grounded conductor but it will not typically be apparent until there is a second ground fault involving the ungrounded conductor (black wire).

System grounding and equipment grounding work with overcurrent protection devices, ground fault protection devices, residual current devices and inverter electronics to identify faults and disable them as quickly as possible by opening (disconnecting) the circuit. This system functions because a fault to an equipment grounding conductor will create a short circuit if there is low enough resistance, which will activate these devices and cause them to open (disconnect) the circuit.

An AC ground fault involving an ungrounded conductor typically occurs as follows:

1. A ground fault occurs between a grounded piece of equipment and an ungrounded conductor (wire).
2. The equipment grounding conductor has a connection - due to the system ground - to the grounded conductor. The current follows it because it is a low resistance path to the grounded conductor, which completes the circuit.
3. The current reaches the grounded conductor and this effectively creates a short-circuit which causes the inverter to supply large a amount of current to the newly created low-resistasnce circuit.
4. This high current flow will be identified by the inverter electronics, residual current device (RCD) or an overcurrent protection device (OCPD) as a fault, which will cause the one of them to trip and open (disconnect) the circuit. A RCD or inverter electronics will react quicker than an OCPD.

These devices only temporarily remove the hazard, thus after a ground fault occurs it is necessary to carefully troubleshoot the system to locate the fault and fix it.

Grounded and ungrounded systems in practice

The current carrying conductors in a circuit will behave differently depending upon whether they are grounded or not. Grounded and ungrounded systems each carry different advantages and disadvantages.

Ungrounded system

An ungrounded conductor in an ungrounded system will only have a voltage relative to the other ungrounded conductors in the system, but will not have a voltage relative to ground. For a ground fault to pass current and trip a overcurrent protection devices or a residual current device, two seperate ground faults will be required. This means that a person could touch the busbar of either conductor independently at be safe as long as there is no fault.

Ungrounded systems do not readily identify single ground faults, which represents a significant safety hazard as a user or technician may not discover that a fault exists until contact is made with a conductor that would have had no voltage to ground had it not been for the fault. They can also create other additional double-fault scenarios that do not exist in grounded systems that require an overcurrent protection device on all positive and negative wires in a circuit to be properly mitigated.

Conductor	Voltage relative to other conductors
Ungrounded conductor 1	Will have full circuit voltage relative to the other ungrounded conductor. Will have no voltage relative to ground.
Ungrounded conductor 2	Will have full circuit voltage relative to the other ungrounded conductor. Will have no voltage relative to ground.
Grounding conductors	Will have no voltage relative to either ungrounded conductor 1 or ungrounded conductor 2.

Grounded system

An ungrounded conductor in a grounded system will have a voltage relative to the grounded conductor and the ground. For a #Ground fault to pass current and trip a overcurrent protection devices or a residual current device, only one ground faults - between the ungrounded conductor and the ground - will be required. This means in this system that a person could touch the busbar of either the grounded conductor or ground and be safe as long as there is no fault.

Grounded systems are better at readily identifying single ground faults and making users or technicians aware that there is an issue. They also avoid the double-fault scenarios that can be an issue for ungrounded systems.

Conductor	Voltage relative to other conductors
Ungrounded conductor	Will have full circuit voltage relative to the grounded conductor, ground, and any grounded equipment.
Grounded conductor	Will have the full circuit voltage relative to the ungrounded conductor. Will have no voltage relative to ground or any grounded equipment.
Grounding conductors	Will have full circuit voltage relative to the ungrounded conductor. Will have no voltage relative to the grounded conductor.